fortifications -

Oman – discovering Muscat’s surroundings

Gosia — Sun, 08 Mar 2026 15:00:28 +0000

Oman has been strategically located along trade routes for centuries, which is reflected in the construction of numerous defensive forts designed to ensure protection against invaders. One such structure, Al Hazm Castle, is one of the most impressive buildings in Oman. It was built in the 18th century by Imam Sultan bin Saif II. The castle was not only the residence of the ruler of Oman but also served a defensive function, which is why it is also known as a fort. Al Hazm Castle is unique due to its construction. No wood was used in the building of its ceilings, and it also used an innovative water system known as falaj. Falaj is an irrigation system that has been used in Oman for thousands of years. It is believed to date back as far as 2500 BC. The system’s principle was simple: water from underground sources located in the mountains was delivered via aqueducts and tunnels to villages. This solution guaranteed survival in Oman’s hot climate. Interestingly, the water was supplied not only to fields but also to public buildings, carried by various sluices and distribution channels. By the way, it isn’t without reason that the word falaj means “to divide”. A special method for dividing the water was developed, using sundials and hourglasses to measure the time for water collection. This system is still used in Oman today, with an estimated total length of around 3,000 km of channels. In addition to this system, Al Hazm Castle was equipped with extra water tanks for emergencies such as sieges or fires. The castle also had numerous gunports and cannons. Inside its walls, there were also a prison, storage areas for dates and other food products, a kitchen, a madrasa (Koranic school), and living quarters for the imam and his wife. The second fort that left a lasting impression on me was Nakhal Fort, mainly due to its location amidst mountains and date palms. The exact date of its construction is not known, but it is estimated to be over 1,500 years old. A large part of its fortifications, which can be seen today, were built in the 17th century. The unique feature of the fort is its irregular appearance, as it has been cleverly integrated into the rock. In many places, the rock forms part of the fort’s walls. The fort’s purpose was to protect the trade route between the former capital, Nizwa, and the Gulf of Oman. It also served as a residential space. Visitors can see rooms with traditional exhibits, a mosque, and food storage areas. One interesting feature I saw in every Omani fort was the date storage room. Dates were stacked in bags one on top of the other, working as a press to squeeze the juice from the fruits at the bottom. The specially shaped floor in these storage rooms allowed the juice to drain into barrels through a channel. Another fascinating structure near Muscat is the Wadi Dayqah Dam, which provides water to the capital of Oman. It was opened in 2012 and is the largest such facility in the country. The dam consists of two barriers: the main one, which is 75 meters (246 feet) high, and a smaller earth dam that is 48.5 meters (149 feet) high. However, the dam is not the only attraction here. On top of the dam, there is a picnic area with a viewing terrace offering an incredible view of the surrounding area. This location is not easily accessible, so it is less likely to be crowded with tourists. However, one can observe local residents hosting gatherings under the shelters. Exploring the surroundings of Muscat is not only a history lesson but also an exploration of the country’s natural beauty. The forts built into rocks and the innovative water systems demonstrate the ingenuity and perseverance of the people of Oman. Meanwhile, modern constructions such as the Wadi Dayqah Dam show how well critical infrastructure can be integrated into the natural environment.

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Muscat – A City from the Tales of the Arabian Nights…

Gosia — Sun, 15 Jun 2025 15:17:02 +0000

Muscat, the capital of Oman, has a unique fairytale charm in my view. It looks like something straight out of the Tales of the Arabian Nights, but with a modern twist. Enchanting palaces, forts perched on rocky cliffs, lush green oases, white architecture, scenic coastlines, and spice-scented bazaars create a distinctive atmosphere of this city. I began my exploration in the eastern part of Muscat, often referred to as the Old City. It’s the most iconic area of the city, home to numerous government buildings and elegant villas. However, the highlight here is Al-Alam Palace, one of the six residences of the Sultan of Oman. Used mainly for ceremonial purposes, the palace was built in the 1970s. Its name, meaning “Palace of the Flag,” originates from a local legend that any slave who touched the flagpole on its grounds would gain their freedom. Despite its relatively modern construction, the palace’s architecture reflects Islamic traditions, with stunning blue mosaics and unique blue and gold columns. While the palace is not open to the public, visitors can approach its gates to take photos. Strategically located near the harbor on the Gulf of Oman, the palace is flanked by two Portuguese forts – Al Jalali and Al Mirani. Built in the 16th century during the Portuguese occupation of Muscat, these forts were part of a formidable defense system. Rugged coastline, mountains, forts, and watchtowers must have made Muscat nearly impregnable in ancient times. Al Jalali and Al Mirani were not only key to protecting the harbor but also symbols of Portuguese dominance in the region. Their strategic location allowed control over the gulf, making Muscat a critical hub for maritime trade and defense. For a panoramic view of Muscat and the Corniche promenade, head to Riyam Park, perched on a hill. At its highest point stands the iconic Frankincense Burner Monument. Driving along the three-kilometer Corniche, it’s worth stopping at Mutrah Fort, perched atop a rocky outcrop. From here, you can enjoy breathtaking views of the harbor and the Gulf of Oman. Built in the early 16th century and later modified by the Portuguese around 1560, the fort served defensive and observational purposes. At the base of the fort lies another must-visit spot – Muttrah Souq. This is one of Oman’s oldest marketplaces and offers a unique, untouristy experience. Strolling through its narrow alleys, you can witness the daily life of locals. The souq is divided into sections, each with its distinct character. Here, you can find local handicrafts, jewellery, spices, everyday items, and clothing. One defining feature of Omani bazaars is the omnipresent aroma of frankincense, an essential oil derived from Boswellia sacra trees native to Oman. With a history spanning thousands of years, frankincense has been used for religious and medicinal purposes and is now popular in aromatherapy. For an evening stroll, head to Qurum Natural Park, the largest park in Muscat. It offers walking paths, playgrounds, gardens, picnic spots, cafes, and a lake. Nearby, Al Qurum Beach is particularly picturesque at sunset. Unfortunately, due to the lack of time, I couldn’t visit the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque during its opening hours. When I arrived, it was already dark, and the parking lot was full of locals heading for evening prayers. Nevertheless, even from the outside, the mosque made a lasting impression on me. It’s the largest mosque in Oman, capable of accommodating up to 20,000 worshippers. Its five minarets, symbolizing the five pillars of Islam, and the central dome rising 50 meters above the ground dominate Muscat’s skyline. Muscat seamlessly blends tradition with modernity. It surprises with its enchanting architecture that merges Islamic motifs with contemporary styles. Picturesque forts stand as a testament to the city’s historical significance, while a visit to Muttrah Souq offers an intimate glimpse into daily life. This is a city worth visiting to experience the magic of the Tales of the Arabian Nights in a modern setting.

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Malta – The Fortress Island, Girl on the urbex trail!

Gosia — Sun, 06 Apr 2025 13:02:28 +0000

Malta is called the “Fortress Island.” At first glance, it’s evident that the island’s architecture has a defensive character. High fortifications, citadels, and forts are reminiscent of the times of the Knights of Malta as well as the British era. Throughout its history, Malta was under the rule of the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Crusaders, French, and British. Finally, it became an independent country only in 1964. Today, we can see numerous traces from the times of the Knights of Malta, as well as from the period of World War II. The Knights of Malta gained control over Malta in 1530 from Charles V of Spain. From that time, for the next 275 years, the island was under their rules. Many fortifications from this period were built to protect Malta from the Ottoman Empire. In 1565, they fulfilled their purpose, as Turkish forces unsuccessfully tried to capture the island for over three months. Many of these impressive fortifications can be admired today. Indeed, Valetta, seen from the sea, truly looks like a fortress city. During World War II, Malta was one of the most bombed countries in Europe. Due to its strategic location near Sicily, it was the target of continuous attacks by the Germans and Italians. Meanwhile, the British used the island to launch attacks on the Italian navy. In 1943, the Allies began their invasion of Sicily from Malta. This invasion was coordinated from the Lascaris War Rooms in Valetta. There was also a listening post here that intercepted German radio communications. Due to the numerous bomb attacks, Malta has many air-raid shelters. Some of the most interesting ones can be found in Mellieħa, Mosta, and Victoria on the island of Gozo. An interesting site is the fortification system built by the British in the late 19th century, known as the Victoria Lines. These fortifications were intended to protect the northern part of the island from potential attacks, but they were reportedly never used. The Victoria Lines stretch for 12 kilometers and are open for exploration. Some parts of the trail have been destroyed, so it’s best to visit the section known as the Dwejra Lines. This is the best-preserved section of the Victoria Lines. Moreover, the Dwejra Lines are also referred to as the Great Wall of Malta, and from a distance, this structure looks very impressive. The Dwejra Lines are located right next to the Our Lady of Hodegetria Chapel. Adjacent to the Victoria Lines is an old apiary, which adds to the attractions. Although the origin of the word “Malta” is not fully proven, it’s suspected to derive from the Greek word “Melite,” meaning honey-sweet. Malta was renowned for its unique honey produced by a distinct species of bees found only on the island. Some argue that some of these apiaries may date back to the times of Carthage and ancient Rome. It’s possible that these apiaries served different purposes in later periods. Carved into limestone rocks, they could have been used as catacombs or shelters during World War II. Another interesting structure built by the British before World War II is Fort Campbell, also known as Fortizza ta’ Selmun. The fort is located north of the Victoria Lines and was intended to protect Mellieħa Bay and St. Paul’s Bay. On the island of Malta, you can observe many pillbox bunkers scattered along the coastline. Each of these bunkers was equipped with firing positions and had an observation tower on top. Inside, they could accommodate about six soldiers. Some of them are located in very picturesque settings, such as the one near the town of Marsaskala. Next to it is the Riħama Battery. It was built by the Knights of Malta between 1714 and 1716. It formed part of a series of coastal fortifications around Malta’s shores and served to defend St. Thomas Bay. Today, a fairly large building stands on the site, which was once among the largest constructions of its kind in Malta. Inside, visitors can explore three rooms – the central one being the largest with an interesting arched ceiling, while the other two were smaller and supposedly used as storage for food and weapons. The battery saw action only once during Napoleon’s invasion of Malta in 1798. It ceased to be used in the 1820s and unfortunately has since fallen into ruin. However, abandoned places in Malta are not limited solely to military facilities. Malta is a popular holiday destination, but not all hotels are open to tourists. Some of them may not offer a luxurious stay, but they certainly provide a bit of adventure. One such place is the Jerma Hotel near Marsascala. It used to be a luxurious four-star resort built by the Libyan State Company Lafico. Due to this association, one of the hotel’s distinguished guests was Muammar Gaddafi, who had a presidential suite there. The Libyan dictator, Muammar Gaddafi, once maintained good relations with Maltese Prime Minister Dom Mintoff. The hotel ceased operations in 2007, but the exact reasons for its closure remain unclear. Near Mellieħa, there’s an abandoned tourist village called the Festaval Hotel, often mistakenly referred to as Festiwal. The facility was built in 1980 and operated for only about 12 years. Judging by its architecture, the hotel must have been exclusive. The apartments are spacious, and the view from the terraces overlooking Mellieħa Bay is stunning. Guests also had access to two pools. In 2018, there were plans to demolish it and build twelve luxury apartments with pools and a spa, but this project was never realized. On the island of Gozo, near Ramla Bay, there’s another abandoned resort complex called Ulysses Lodge. While the building itself may no longer be impressive, it offers an incredible view of one of the most beautiful beaches on Gozo. In the northern part of Gozo, there’s another interesting site, the Qolla l-Bajda Battery. This battery was built by the Knights of Malta between 1715 and 1716 as part of the coastal fortifications. It is also the northernmost structure of its kind. Currently, the site is in a state of disrepair, and one can hardly find any trace of its former architecture. The interior of the building looks as though it once served as a bar or nightclub before its closure. An additional attraction in the area is the salt pans, about which I wrote here. Near St. Julian’s, there’s an abandoned settlement known as White Rocks. It was built in 1960 for British soldiers stationed on the island. After the British forces left Malta, the settlement was converted into a holiday complex. On a vast area located right on the coast, you can see many buildings adorned with interesting murals. In the end, a real gem: an abandoned Subaru showroom, closed in the late 90s. Inside, you can see many vintage cars. They look like new; if you just pumped up the tires and charged the battery, I think you could go for a ride. The Fuji logo adds to the atmosphere of the place. Furthermore, the showroom is located in the center of the tourist town of Mosta.

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Luxembourg – the fabulous or financial Dutchy?

Gosia — Thu, 28 Jan 2016 19:59:45 +0000

It’s very hard to determine if Luxembourg is the fabulous or financial Dutchy. It’s one of the smallest and the wealthiest countries in the world. There’re more than 150 banks and numerous EU institutions and international corporations. What’s more, the unemployment rate and taxes are the lowest in EU, in one word – real idyll. According to European Statistical Office, the minimal wage there is twice bigger than average wage in Poland! It’s no wonder that, at least half of the residents of this country are immigrants. A lot of people from France, Belgium and Germany commute to work here, every day. It’s visible that there’s a specific official atmosphere. Luxembourg for us is a city with the spic and span streets, magnificent buildings and upscale restaurants where prices definitely spoil the appetite. However this city has also another side. Its picturesque location and a lot of greenery is amazing. The most interesting part is the Casemates du Bock – enormous fortifications surrounding the city. The fortress which is built on steep slopes is regarded as one of the biggest in Europe and it’s the best place to admire the beautiful landscape of Luxembourg. Inside it, you can visit tunnels which stretch along 15 miles (23 km). Interestingly, it’s only a remnant of the former fortress. At least 90% of it was pulled down under the terms of the Treaty of London in 1867. Nowadays we can see only a little part of the original structure, which demolition could have led to the destruction of other buildings in the city. Luxembourg citizens are proud of their independence which is refected in their motto: We want to remain what we are. One of the symbols of their independence is the statue of Gelle Fra (Golden Lady), which commemorates soldiers who were killed during WWI. Its construction was connected with protests in view of the quite revealing outfit of this figure. Therefore it was placed on the very high pillar to protect worshipers of the nearby Notre Dame Cathedral, from that sight. During WWII it was a symbol of the Luxembourg resistance against Nazis. It has been hidden in the unknown place for many years. It was founded in 1980 in the undergrounds of football stadium. The Grand Dutchy of Luxembourg has also the Grand Ducal Palace which resembles more elegant official building than residence of the duke. When we saw from the observation desk a castle which wasn’t mentioned in our guide, we decided to check it thinking that it must have been an oversight. How disappointed we were, when the castle turned out to be another bank. Comparing the Grand Ducal Palace we had no doubt who really reigned that little country. Regardless of official, sometimes stodgy atmosphere, Luxembourg City is an interesting place for a one-day trip. Remnants of the former fortress, located on a steep slopes, sinking in a sea of greenery look like from a fairytale which can charm every tourist. ” order_by=”sortorder” order_direction=”ASC” returns=”included” maximum_entity_count=”500″]

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